Studies of the near-storm environment of tornadoes and tornado outbreaks over decades have improved our understanding of differences in environmental parameters such as vertical shear and buoyancy between tornadic and nontornadic thunderstorms. Global-scale circulation controls synoptic-scale processes such as extratropical cyclones, upper-level jets, and anticyclonic circulation synoptic-scale processes affect mesoscale processes that cause severe thunderstorms and tornadoes. The study of tornadoes involves the investigation of atmospheric processes at global- to micro-scales and has advanced the understanding of multiscale processes. ![]() In this article, the global climatology of tornadoes and current understanding of the synoptic- and meso-scale environments of tornadoes and tornado outbreaks are reviewed.
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